miércoles, 20 de abril de 2011

A Closer Look at Cell Membranes

Fluid mosaic model: a mixed composition of phospholipids, glycolipids, sterols and proteins.


Transport proteins: let specific solutes diffuse through a membrane-spanning channel in their interior or actively pump them through.

Receptor proteins: bind extracellular substances, such as hormones, that can trigger change in cell activities.

Adhesion proteins: help cells of the same type locate each other and remain in the proper tissues.

Communication proteins: form channel that match up across the plasma membrane of two cells.

Concentration gradient: is a difference in the number per unit volume of molecules (or ions) of a substance between two adjoining regions.

Diffusion: is the name for the net movement of like molecules or ions down a concentration gradient.

Electric gradient: is simply a difference in lectric charge between adjoining regions.
Pressure gradient: is a difference in pressure exerted per unit volume (or area) between two adjoining regions.

Osmosis: is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane, to a region where the water concentration is lower.

Hypotonic solution: is the one with fewer solutes.

Hypertonic solution: the one that have more solutes.

Isotonic solution: shows no net osmotic movement.
Hydrostatic pressure: turgor pressure.

Osmotic pressure: is one messure of tendency of water to follow its water concentration gradient and move into that fluid.

Endocytosis: a small patch of plasma membrane balloons inward and pinches off inside the cytoplasm.

Exocytosis: a vesicle moves to the cell surface, and then the protein-studded lipid bilayer of its membrane fuses with the plasma membrane.

Phagocytosis: cell eating.

martes, 12 de abril de 2011

Cell Structure and Fuction

Cell: is the smallest unit with the properties of life.

Nucleoid: a region of the cytoplasm that is not enclosed in a mebranous sac.

Lipid bilayer: is a continous, oily boundary that prevents the free passage of water-soluble substances across it.

Electron microspcope: use magnetic lenses to bend and diffract beams of electrons, which cannot be diffracted through a glass lens.

Transmission electron microscope: are used to make images of its internal details.


Sacnning electron microscopes: direct a beams of electrons back and forth across a surface of a specimen, which has been given a thin metal coating.

Organelles: membranous sacs.


Secretory pathway:moves new polypeptide chains from some ribosomes through ER and Golgi bodies, then on the plasma membrane for release from the cell.


Endocytic pathway:moves ions and molecules into the cytoplasm.


Vesicles: tiny sacs.


Nuclear envelope:is a double-membrane system in which two lipid bilayers are pressed against each other.


Chromatin: the cell collection of DNA and all proteins associated with it.
Chromosome: is a double-stranded DNA molecule.
 

Peroximes: hold enzymes that digest fatty acids, amino acid, and hydrogenperoxide.


Cell junctions: are molecular structures where a cell sends or receives signals or materials, or recognizes and glues itself to cells of the same type.


Basal body: an organelle that started out as a centriole, the source of a 9+2 array of microtubules in a cillium or flagellum. It remains below the finished array.
 

Pseudopods: false feet.